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Light can only be ‘bent’ by refraction

Author:

Tickner, Clive

Category:

Research Papers

Sub-Category:

Relativity Theory

Language:

English

Date Published:

October 29, 2025

File:

/Research Papers-Relativity Theory/Download/10348

Downloads:

105

Keywords:

Refraction. Eddington. Einstein. Media, Andromeda, Plasma, gradient-Index medium. Gravity, Spacetime. Gravitational pull. Warped geometry. Gravitational Lensing. Transparent vacua. Quasars. Spitzer Space Telescope. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Abstract:

The theoretical basis for attributing light bending by gravitational attraction lies in Einstein’s Equivalence Principle: that the effects of acceleration and of a gravitational field are indistinguishable. From this principle follows the claim that light must curve in a gravitational field just as it would in an accelerating frame. But both these claims definitely require vigilant examination. Acceleration is a dynamical change in motion; gravity is a force attributed to mass. To assert their equivalence is to merge distinct phenomena under a shared description. This may be mathematically convenient, but it risks concealing, rather than clarifying, the underlying physics. It also presumes that ‘spacetime’, a metric used to organise coordinates, has physical agency. But a metric cannot bend or act. It describes; it does not cause.

Comments

John Roach(Jonesboro, United States):

Hello, Clive. I watched a video on YouTube and I saw a beam of light bending in a curve. You showed a photograph months earlier. Check out the propagation of light called "Branched Flow".

Posted: January 17, 2026 @ 7:22:46 pm

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Clive Tickner(Suffolk, United Kingdom (GB)):

Wow John, I've only just seen that video. Thanks so much for directing my attention to it. Fantastic!!!

Posted: January 22, 2026 @ 10:23:40 am

Musa D. Abdullahi(Abuja, Nigeria):

Yes, light can only be bent by refraction.
The interpretation of the result of Eddington's eclipse experiment at the island of Sao Tome and Principe in West Africa in 1919, was wrong. The appearance of the stars in the telescope was the result of bending by refraction of starlight as it passes through the Earth's atmosphdre, not attraction by Sun's gravity.

Posted: November 01, 2025 @ 5:17:29 am

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Clive Tickner(Suffolk, United Kingdom (GB)):

Hello Musa, thank you for your comment. Sadly there are very few of us who do not commit to the 'gravity bends light' theory. I', impressed that you can get the GSJ in Nigeria, but I guess the site is world-wide! Thanks again, Clive

Posted: November 01, 2025 @ 5:45:42 am

Steve Olah(Laguna Woods, United States):

In my paper of "In the footsteps of Fatio" gravity is replaced by an ether river caused by a mass: A Planet is traveling in a straight line, but the spherical ether river flowing into the Sun makes the planet going around the Sun in circles. The same thing happens to light if it passes close enough to the Sun, though it is just a partial circle. There is no gravity. Everything is kinetical, mechanical. The M&M people made a mistake. Ether is moving in the vertical direction into the Sun and the planets. Lorentz did not know what he was talking about either.

Posted: October 30, 2025 @ 9:25:49 pm

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Clive Tickner(Southwold, Suffolk UK, United Kingdom (GB)):

Great Steve thanks, I'll get on to that paper of yours today; it sounds very interesting indeed. Thanks for keeping in touch, best wishes, Clive

Posted: October 31, 2025 @ 6:35:14 am

Steve Olah(Laguna Woods, United States):

I am adding to my comment above: The speed of light in ether is c, relative to ether. Protons and electrons (matter) are not limited to any speed anywhere.
Black Holes are giant planets. Their ether river speed at the surface is c or more. Photons are not able to escape.
There is no magic here. Everything is mechanical, kinetic, in this Universe.

Posted: October 31, 2025 @ 3:19:56 pm